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How does a circuit board work?
The working principle of double-sided and multilayer circuit boards is that process gases (Ar, N2, O2, etc.) are introduced into a high-vacuum environment. The gases are ionized into plasma, and under the action of an electric field, these plasmas move towards the high potential and low potential directions respectively. The atomic groups moving towards the low potential direction bombard the target material (copper), causing copper atoms to be stripped from the copper and finally deposited on the substrate (FRP), which is the copper-clad laminate.
Electronic devices are able to perform different functions because the internal PCBA board provides them with various capabilities. We usually call the printed circuit board in the device a PCB, but this is not the correct term. A printed circuit board itself cannot work; it serves as a carrier for electronic devices, while the PCBA board is the main component that makes electronic devices work.
The smart phones you use have a long, neat line of circuitry. The main function of these lines is to integrate the phone's hardware devices onto a single PCBA, including Wi-Fi, antenna, GPS, fingerprint sensor, etc.
Basic concepts of circuit boards
The development of PCBAs has been very rapid. Humanity went from knowing nothing about PCBAs to understanding the working principles of printed circuit boards and making them the core of the electronics industry in just a century. Circuit boards were initially invented by Austrian Paul Eisner in 1936. As the technology became increasingly known in the United States, its development benefited from its use in radio equipment by the US military. In 1948, the capabilities of the PCBA were globally recognized and used for commercial purposes. By the mid-1950s, printed circuit boards became commonplace in people's daily lives. As printed circuit boards became dominant in the electronics manufacturing industry, people became increasingly concerned with the working principles of circuit boards.
For those not in the PCBA industry, it is easy to confuse the concepts of PCB and PCBA. Before explaining their working principles, Foshan Technology would like to clarify several easily confused concepts in the PCBA industry.
PCB: Also known as a circuit board, printed circuit board, PWB, or bare board. You may have seen such a circuit board; it may be green or another color. What seems like a simple circuit board is actually a multi-layered maze of hundreds of copper wires. The PCB provides support and effective isolation for all components mounted on its surface, and the lines in the middle of the board provide a platform for communication and collaboration between components.
PCBA: Abbreviation for PCB Assembly. Although it only differs from PCB by one letter, the two have fundamental differences. We usually refer to the conductive pattern formed by combining circuits and printed components on an insulating material according to a predetermined design as a PCB, while a board with electronic components already installed is called a PCBA. The PCBA board is a decisive electronic component in electronic products.
SMT Assembly: Assembly technology for mounting SMD components on a bare PCB. SMT stands for Surface Mount Technology.
THT Assembly: Traditional technology for installing through-hole components on a bare board. THT stands for Through-Hole Technology.
How does a printed circuit board work?
The PCB isolates the surface copper foil conductive layer through the base insulating material, allowing current to flow through various components along a pre-designed route, ultimately achieving functions such as power generation, amplification, attenuation, modulation, demodulation, and encoding.
PCBA routing and component connection
Understanding the working principle of a printed circuit board should start with its components. The entire PCBA board consists of a bare board and components, such as microchips, resistors, capacitors, and connectors. Manufacturers connect the components to the PCB through soldering or other techniques. Taking a single-sided PCB as an example, this type of board only has electronic components and wires on one side. We usually use SMT assembly technology or PCBA DIP assembly technology to mount components on a non-conductive board and connect them through small paths called traces. The traces power the electrical components on the entire board, enabling them to function. Not all hardware devices are directly mounted on the PCB; components such as displays and cameras are connected to the PCB through mating connectors and flat cables.
The working principle of double-sided and multilayer circuit boards is that process gases (Ar, N2, O2, etc.) are introduced in a high-vacuum environment. The gases are ionized into plasma, and under the action of an electric field, these plasmas move towards the high potential and low potential directions respectively. The atomic groups moving towards the low potential direction bombard the target material (copper), causing copper atoms to detach from the copper and finally cover the substrate (FRP), which is the copper-clad laminate. This is a traditional physical method with the advantages of being pollution-free and technologically mature, but the disadvantages are slow efficiency and long cycle times. If you want to quickly achieve PCB processing, you can pre-lay the etched graphics and then form the PCB in the above manner. The internal holes used for connection can also be plated with copper to metallize them.
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